<The Gender ADs Project>

 

Bibliography

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<Background: There are numerous excellent articles, texts and studies related to gender and advertising. I have included the sources for all of the page references below. I have also noted some references, in red, to indicate a source that I consider to be particularly foundational in the study of gender and advertising. Please send me a reference if you would like it included in this growing bibliography. >

 

Abrams, Ann

1976 From Simplicity to Sensation: Art in American Advertising., 1904-1929. Journal of Popular Culture 10(3):620-28.

 

Adams, Carol J.

1991 The Sexual Politics of Meat. New York: Continuum.

 

Atwan, Robert.

1979 Edsels, Luckies & Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell.

 

Baker, C. Edwin

1992 Advertising and a Democratic Process. Pennsylvania Law Review 140(6):2097-143.

 

Barthel, Diane
1987 Putting on Appearances: Gender and Advertising. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

 

Belkaoui, Ahmed and Janice Lovi

1976 A Comparative Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Advertising. Journal of Marketing Research 13(2):168-72.

Belknap, Penny and Wilbert Leonard II
1991 A Conceptual Replication of Erving Goffman’s Study of Gender Advertisements. Sex Roles 25(3-4):103-18.

Benokraitis, Nijole and Joe Feagin.

Modern Sexism: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert Discrimination. Second edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Berger, John
1985 Ways of Seeing. London: BBC.

Bernard, Jessie
1995 The Good-Provider Role: Its Rise and Fall. In Men’s Lives. Third edition. Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds. Pp. 149-163. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

 

Bernstein, Sid

1992 Are Ads Less Important? Advertising Age, September 11, 1992, p. 25.

 

Borden, Neil H.

1942 The Economic Effects of Advertising. Chicago: Richard D. Irwin.

Bordo, Susan
1993 Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1997a Braveheart, Babe, and the Contemporary Body. In Twilight Zones: The Hidden Life of Cultural Images from Plato to O.J.. Pp. 27-65. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1997b Never Just Pictures. In Twilight Zones: The Hidden Life of Cultural Images from Plato to O.J.. Pp. 107-138. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1997c Can a Woman Harass a Man? In Twilight Zones: The Hidden Life of Cultural Images from Plato to O.J.. Pp. 139-172. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Brod, Harry
1995 Pornography and the Alienation of Male Sexuality. In Men’s Lives. Third edition. Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds. Pp. 393-404. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Brumberg, Joan Jacobs
1997 The Body Project. New York: Random House.

Busby, Linda J. and Greg Leichty
1993 Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Nontraditional Women's Magazines 1950s-1980s. Journalism Quarterly 70 (2):247-265.

Chodorow, Nancy
1974 Family Structure and Feminine Personality. In Women, Culture and Society. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, eds. Pp. 43-66. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Collins, Patricia Hill
1990 Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

 

Cortese, Anthony J.

1999 Provocateur: Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.

Coughlin, Maureen  and P. J. O'Connor

1984 Gender Role Portrayals in Advertising: An Individual Difference Analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 12: 238-41.

Courtney, Alice and Sarah Wernick Lockeretz
1971 A Woman’s Place: An Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research 8(1):92-105.

Courtney, Alice and Thomas Whipple
1983 Sex Stereotyping in Advertising. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
1985 Female Role Portrayals in Advertising and Communication Effectiveness: A Review. Journal of Advertising, 14 (3): 4-8, 17.

Craig, Stephen
1992 The Effect of Television Day Part on Gender Portrayals in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis. Sex Roles 26(5/6):197-211.

 

Crain, Rance

1994 Viewpoint: Power of Advertising More Like a Myth. Advertising Age, January 10, 1994, p. 21.

 

Crenshaw, Kimberle Williams
1993 Beyond Racism and Misogyny. In Words that Wound. Boulder: Westview. Pp. 111-132.

Culley, James D. and Rex Bennett
1976 Selling Women, Selling Blacks. Journal of Communication 26:160-74.

 

Cumming, Walter

1996 Love and Liquer: Modernism and Postmodernism in Advertising and Fiction. In Advertising and Culture: Theoretical Perspectives. Mary Cross (Ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. Pp. 61-74.

 

Danna, Sammy R.

1992 Changing Male Image in Advertising, In Advertising and Popular Culture: Studies in Variety and Versatility, Sammy R. Danna (Ed.), Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Press, Pp. 146-159.

Donnerstein, Edward and Daniel Linz
1997d Mass Media, Sexual Violence, and Male Viewers: Current Theory and Research. In Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology. Estelle Disch, ed. Pp. 498-513. Mountain View: Mayfield.

 

Dyer, Gillian

1982 Advertising as Communication. London: Methuen.

Easton, G. and C. Toner
1983 "Women in industrial advertisements." Industrial Marketing Management 12 (2, April):145-149.

Paula England and Teresa Gardner

1983. Sex Differentiation in Magazine Advertisements: A Content Analysis Using Log-Linear Modeling. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 6 (1): 253-268.

Evans, Debra
1993 Beauty and the Best. Colorado Springs, CO: Focus on the Family Publishing.

Ewen, Stuart

1976 Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1988 All Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture. New York: Basic Books.

Ewing, Wayne
1995 The Civic Advocacy of Violence. In Men’s Lives. Third edition. Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds. Pp. 301-306. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Faludi, Susan
1999 Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man. New York: Perennial.

Fennell, Geraldine  and Susan Weber

1983  Avoiding Sex Role Stereotypes in Advertising: What Questions should We Ask? Advances in Consumer Research, 11: 88-93.

Ferguson, Jill Hicks, Peggy J. Kreshel and Spencer F. Tinkham
1990 "In the pages of Ms.: sex role portrayals of women in advertising." Journal of Advertising 19 (1):40-51.

Flick, M.
1984 "Invisible or lovely: women in advertisements." Media Information Australia 34:23-34.

 

Fowells, Jib

1996 Advertising and Popular Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

 

Fox, Bonnie J.

1990 Selling the Mechanized Household: 70 Years of Ads in Ladies Home Journal. Gender and Society 4(1):25-40.

 

Fox, Stephen

1984 The Mirror Makers: A History of American Advertising and Its Creators. New York: William Morrow.

Friedan, Betty
1984 The Feminine Mystique. New York: Dell.

 

Frith, Katherine T.

1995 Advertising and Mother Nature. In Feminism, Multiculturalism, and the Media: Global Diversities. Angharad Valdivia (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
1998 Undressing the Ad: Reading Culture in Advertising. In Undressing the Ad: Reading Culture in Advertising, Katherine T. Frith, ed. Pp. 1-17. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

Furham, Adrian and Nadine Bitar
1993 The Stereotypical Portrayal of Men and Women in British Television Advertisements. Sex Roles 29(3-4):297-310.

Gibson, James William
1994 Warrior Dreams: Violence and Manhood in Post-Vietnam America. New York: Hill and Wang.

Goffman, Erving
1979 Gender Advertisements. New York: Harper and Row.

 

Gold, Philip

1987 Advertising, Politics, and American Culture. New York: Paragon House.

Goldman, Robert
1992 Reading Ads Socially. London: Routledge.

 

Goodrum, Charles and Helen Darlrymple

1990 Advertising in America: The First 200 Years. New York: Abrams.

 

Gossage, Howard Luck

1967 The Gilded Bough: Magic and Advertising. In The Human Dialogue: Perspectives on Communication. Floyd Matson (Ed.). New York: Free Press, Pp. 362-70.

 

Green, Martin

1996 Some Versions of the Pastoral: Myth in Advertising, Advertising as Myth. In Advertising and Culture: Theoretical Perspectives. Mary Cross (Ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. Pp. 29-47.

 

Griff, Mason

1969 Advertising: The Central Institution of Mass Society. Diogenes 68:120-37.

Griffin, M., K. Viswanath, and D. Schwartz
1994 "Gender advertising in the U. S. and India: exporting cultural stereotypes." Media, Culture and Society 16 (3):487-507.

Hall, Christine and Matthew Crum
1994 Women and ‘Bodyisms’ in Television Beer Commercials. Sex Roles 31(5-6):329-37.

 

Hambleton, Ronald

1987 The Branding of America: From Levi Strauss to Chrysler. Camden, Maine: Yankee Books.

 

Hochschild, Arlie

The Second Shift

Hood, Jane C.
1995 “Let’s Get a Girl”: Male Bonding Rituals in America. In Men’s Lives. Third edition. Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds. Pp. 303-311. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

 

Hovland, Roxanne and Gary Wilcox (Eds.).

1989 Advertising in Society: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books.

 

Hubbard, Rita C

1992 Male Parent Images in Advertising, In Advertising and Popular Culture: Studies in Variety and Versatility, Sammy R. Danna (Ed.), Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Press, Pp. 141-45.

 

Jhally, Sut

1978 Advertising as Religion: The Dialectic of Technology and Magic. In Cultural Politics in Contemporary America. Ian Angus and Sut Jhally (Eds.). New York: Routledge. Pp. 217-29.
1987 The Codes of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society, London: Frances Pinter.

Kaufman, Michael
1995 The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men’s Violence. In Men’s Lives. Third edition. Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds. Pp. 13-25. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

 

Kellner, Douglas

1990 Advertising and Consumer Culture. In Questioning the Media: A Critical Introduction. John Downing et. al. (Eds.) Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kervin, D.
1990 "Advertising masculinity: the representation of males in Esquire advertisements." Journal of Communication Inquiry 14 (1, Winter):51-70.

Kilbourne, Jean
1999 Can’t Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York: Simon and Schuster. If you have to read only one text on gender and advertising, this is it.

Klassen, M., C. Jasper, and A. Schwartz
1993 "Men and women: images of their relationships in magazine advertisements." Journal of Advertising Research 33 (2):30-39.

Kilbourne, William E. 

1983 An Exploratory Study of Sex Roles in Advertising and Women's Perceptions of Managerial Attributes in Women. Advances in Consumer Research, 11: 84-87.

Kilbourne, W.
1990 Female Stereotyping in Advertising: An Experiment on Male-Female Perceptions of Leadership. Journalism Quarterly 67 (1):25-31.

Kosimar, L.
1971 Women in Sexist Society. New York: John Wiley.

Lafky, Sue, Duffy, Margaret, Steinmaus, Mary and Berkowitz, Dan.
1996 "Looking through gendered lenses: female stereotype in advertisements and gender role expectations." Journalism Quarterly 73 (Summer 1996):379-387.

Lanis, Kyra and Katherine Covell
1995 Images of Women in Advertisements: Effects on Attitudes Related to Sexual Aggression. Sex Roles 22(9-10):639-49.

 

Laski, Marghanita

1965 Advertising: Sacred and Profane. Twentieth Century 165:118-29.

 

La Tour, Michael S.

1990 Female Nudity in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Arousal and Ad Response. Psychology and Marketing 7(1):65-81.

Lazier-Smith, Linda
1989 "Advertising: women's place and image -- a new 'generation' of images to women." Pp. 247-260 in P. J. Creedon (ed.), Women in Mass Communication: Challenging Gender Values. Sage Focus Edition, no. 106. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Lazier-Smith
1989 A New Generation of Images of Women. In Women in Mass Communications. P.J. Creedon, ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

 

Lears, T.J. Jackson
1984 Some Versions of Fantasy: Toward a Cultural History of American Advertising., 1880-1930. In Prospects: The Annual of American Cultural Studies. Jack Salzman (Ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 349-405.

1983 From Salvation to Self-Realization: Advertising and the Therapeutic Roots of the Consumer Culture, 1880-1930. In The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History. Richard Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears (Eds.). New York: Pantheon. Pp. 3-38.

 

Leigh, Thomas W. et. al.

1987 Role Portrayals of Women in Advertising: Cognitive Responses and Advertising Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research 27(5):54-62.

Leiss, William, Stephen Kline and Sut Jhally
1986 Social Communication in Advertising: Persons, Products and Images of Well-Being. Toronto: Methuen.

Lewis, C. and J. Neville
1995 "Images of Rosie: a content analysis of women workers in American magazine advertising, 1940- 1946." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (1):216-227.

 

Lewis, Richard W.

1996 Abosolut Book: The Absolut Vodka Advertising Story. Boston: Journey Editions.

 

Leymore, Varda

1975 Hidden Myths: Structure and Symbolism in Advertising. London: Heinemann.

Lindsey, Linda
1997 Advertising. In Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective. Third edition. Pp. 312-317. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

 

Louis, George

1977 The Art of Advertising: George Louis on Mass Communication. New York: Abrams.

Lysonski, S.
1985 "Role portrayals in British magazine advertisements." European Journal of Marketing 19 (7):37-55.

Lysonski, S.
1983 Female and Male Portrayals in Magazine Advertisements: A Re-examination. Akron Business and Economic Review 14 (2):45-50.

 

Maccurdy, Marian

1994 The Four Women of the Apocalypse: Polarized Feminine Images in Magazine Advertisements. In Gender and Utopia in Advertising: A Critical Reader. Luigi Manca and Alessandra Manca (Eds.), Lisle, IL: Procopian Press. Pp. 31-48.


Macklin, M. Carole and Richard H. Kolbe

1984 Sex Role Stereotyping in Children's Advertising: Current and Past Trends. Journal of Advertising, 13 (2): 34-42.

 

Manca, Luigi and Alessandra Manca

1994 Adam through the Looking-Glass: Images of Men in Magazine Advertisements of the 1980s. In Gender and Utopia in Advertising: A Critical Reader. Luigi Manca and Alessandra Manca (Eds.), Lisle, IL: Procopian Press. Pp. 111-131.

 

Manganaro, Elise Salem

1996 When Foreign Sells: Exotica in American TV Ads of the Eighties. In Advertising and Culture: Theoretical Perspectives. Mary Cross (Ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. Pp. 11-27.

 

Marchand, Roland

1985 Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940. Berkeley: The University of California Press.

 

Masse, Michelle A. and Karen Rosenblum

1988 Male and Female Created They Them: The Depiction of Gender in the Advertising of Traditional Men's and Women's Magazines. Women's Studies International Forum 11(2):127-44.

 

Mayes, Ernest M.

1996 Images of Black Women in Print Advertisements in Relation to Dominant Cultural Standards of Beauty. M.A. thesis, Pennsylvania State University.

 

McAllister, Matthew P.

1996 The Commercialization of American Culture: New Advertising, Control and Democracy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

 

McCracken, Ellen

1982 Demystifying Cosmopolitan: Five Critical Methods. Journal of Popular Culture 16(2):30-42.

1992 Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. New York: St. Martin's Press.

 

McLuhan, Marshall

1947 American Advertising. Horizon 93-94:132-41.

 

Mills, Sara

1995 Feminist Stylistics, Routledge.

 

Moog, Carol

1990 Are They Selling Her Lips?: Advertising and Identity. New York: William Morrow.

 

Morrison, Bruce and Richard C. Sherman

1972 Who Responds to Sex in Advertising? Journal of Advertising Research 12(2):15-19.

Mulvey, Laura
1975 Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen 16:6-18.

 

Norris, James D.

1990 Advertising and the Transformation of American Society, 1865-1920. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

 

O'Barr, William

1994 Culture and the Ad: Exploring Otherness in the World of Advertising. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

 

Ogilvy, David

1963 Confessions of an Advertising Man. New York: Atheneum.

1985 On Advertising. New York: Vintage.

Ortner, Sherry
1974 Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? In Women, Culture and Society. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, eds. Pp. 67-87. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

 

Peterson, Theodore

1979 Magazine Advertising: Its Growth and Effects. In The Commercial Connection: Advertising and the American Mass Media. John Wright (Ed.). New York: Dell. Pp. 38-57.

 

Pollay, Richard
1986 The Distorted Mirror: Reflections on the Unintended Consequences of Advertising. Journal of Marketing 50(4):18-36.

 

Pope, Daniel

1983 The Making of Modern Advertising. New York: Basic Books.

 

Posner, Judith

1984 The Objectified Male: The New Male Image in Advertising. Atkinson Review 1(Spring 1984):17-22.

 

Rakow, Lana

1992 "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Beautiful": Feminist Resistance to Advertising's Irresistible Meanings. The Southern Journal of Communications 57(2):132-42.

Reid, Leonard N. and Lawrence C. Soley

1983 Decorative Models and the Readership of Magazine Ads. Journal of Advertising Research, 23 (April/May): 27-31.

Reid, L. N. and L. C. Soley
1981 "Another look at the 'decorative' female model: the recognition of visual and verbal ad components." Pp. 123-133 in J. H. Leigh and C. R. Martin, Jr. (eds.), Current Issues and Research in Advertising. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Graduate School of Business Administration.

Riffe, Daniel et. al.
1993 Game Time, Soap Time and Prime Time TV Ads: Treatment of Women in Sunday Football and Rest-of-Week Advertising. Journalism Quarterly 70(2):437-46.

 

Rowe, Jonathan

1987 Modern Advertising-The Subtle Persuasion. Christian Science Monitor January 28, 1987, P. 14ff.

Rudman, William and Akiko Hagiwara
1992 Sexual Exploitation in Advertising Health and Wellness Products. Women and Health 18:77-89.

Rudman, William and Patty Verdi
1993 Exploitation: Comparing Sexual and Violent Imagery of Females and Males in Advertising. Women and Health 20(4):1-20.

Saunders, C. S. and B. A. Stead
1986 "Women's adoption of a business uniform: a content analysis of magazine advertisements." Sex Roles 15 (3/4):197-205.

Scanlon, Jennifer, ed.
2000 The Gender and Consumer Culture Reader. New York: New York University Press.

Schulz, Muriel
1990 The Semantic Derogation of Women. In The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader. Deborah Cameron, ed. Pp. 134-147. New York: Routledge.


Schutzman, Mady
1999 The Real Thing: Performance, Hysteria, and Advertising. Hanover, NE: University Press of New England.

Sexton, Donald and Phyllis Haberman
1974 Women in Magazine Advertisements. Journal of Advertising Research 14:41-46.

 

Sheperd, Juanita M.

1980 The Portrayal of Black Women in the Ads of Popular Magazines. Western Journal of Black Studies 4:179-82.

 

Sherry, J.

1987 Advertising as a Cultural System. In Marketing and Semiotics. J. Umiker-Sebok (Ed). New York: Mouton de Gruyter, Pp. 441-61.

 

Shields, Vickie Rutledge

1990 Advertising Visual Images: Gendered Ways of Seeing and Looking. Journal of Communication Inquiry 14(2):25-39.

2002 Measuring Up: How Advertising Affects Self-Image. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Shuttleworth, Sally
1990a Female Circulation: Medical Discourse and Popular Advertising in the Mid-Victorian Era. In Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science. Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, eds. Pp. 47-68. New York: Routledge

Simmons, Jane M.
1986 Gender Differences of Nonverbal Power Cues in Television Commercials. Proceedings of the 1986 Convention of the American Academy of Advertising, (ed.), Ernest F. Larkin: R72-R76.

 

Simon, Richard

1980 Advertising as Literature: The Utopian Fiction of the American Marketplace. Texas Studies in Language and Literature 22(2):154-74.

 

Sinclair, John

1987 Images Incorporated: Advertising as Industry and Ideology. Kent, England: Croom Helm.

Soley, L. C. and L. N. Reid
1988 "Taking it off: Are models in magazine advertisements wearing less?" Journalism Quarterly 65 (4, Winter):960-966.

Soley, Lawrence C. and Leonard N. Reid

1983 Effects of Decorative Female Models on Ad Recognition Over Time. Proceedings of the 1983 Convention of the American Academy of Advertising, (ed.), Donald W. Jugenheimer: 116- 119.


Steinem, Gloria
1994 Sex, Lies, and Advertising. In Moving Beyond Words, pp. 130-168. A Postmodern View of Advertising and Consumer Responses. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Stern, Barbara
1993 Feminist Literary Criticism and the Deconstruction of Ads: A Postmodern View of Advertising and Consumer Responses. Journal of Consumer Research 18:556-566.


Stern, Barbara and Morris B. Holbrook
1994 Gender and Genre in the Interpretation of Advertising Text. In Gender Issues and Consumer Behavior. Janeen Arnold Costa (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Pp. 11-41.

Stoltenberg, John
1994 What Makes Pornography Sexy? Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions.

Stoltenberg, John
1997b How Men Have (A) Sex. In Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology. Estelle Disch, ed. Pp. 218-227. Mountain View: Mayfield.

 

Strnad, Patricia

1993 Nothing Tops the Woman's Touch. Advertising Age October 4, 1993, p. S6.

Sullivan, G. L. and P. J. O'Connor
1988 "Women's portrayals in magazine advertising: 1958-1983." Sex Roles 18 (3/4):181-188.

Swartz, Teresa A.

1983 Role Portrayal Preferences for Print Advertisements. Proceedings of the 1983 Convention of the American Academy of Advertising, (ed.), Donald W. Jugenheimer, Pp. 112-115.

 

Tanaka, Keiko

1994 Advertising Language: A Pragmatic Approach to Advertisements in Britain and Japan. London: Routledge.

Theweleit, Klaus
1987 Male Fantasies. Volumes I, II. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Thompson, Doug Cooper
1993 The Male Role Stereotype. In Experiencing Race, Class, and Gender in the United States. Virginia Cyrus, ed. Pp. 146-148. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

Thorne, Barrie
1997a Boys and Girls Together But Mostly Apart: Gender Arrangements in Elementary School. In Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology. Estelle Disch, ed. Pp. 77-94. Mountain View: Mayfield.

Trees, Barbara
1997c Like a Smack in the Face: Pornography in the Trades. In Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology. Estelle Disch, ed. Pp. 379-381. Mountain View: Mayfield.

 

Turner, E.S.

1953 The Shocking History of Advertising. New York: E.P. Dutton.

Twitchell, James B.
1996 AdCult USA: The Triumph of Advertising in American Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.

2000 Twenty Ads that Shook the World: The Century's Most Groundbreaking Advertising and How It Changed Us All. New York: Three Rivers Press.

Umiker-Sebeok, J.
1981 The Seven Ages of Women: A View from American Magazine Advertisements. Chapter 11 in Clara Mayo and Nancy M. Henley (eds.), Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Venkatesan, M. and Jean Losco
1975 Women in Magazine Ads: 1959-71. Journal of Advertising Research 15:49-54.

Wagner, Louis and Janis Banos
1973 A Woman’s Place: A Follow-Up Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research May:213-14.

Walters, Suzanna Danuta
1995 Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Warlaumont, H. G.
1993 Visual Grammars of Gender: The Gaze and Psychoanalytic Theory in Advertisements. Journal of Communication Inquiry 17 (1):25-40.

 

Waters, Judith and George Ellis

1996 The Selling of Gender Identity. In Advertising and Culture: Theoretical Perspectives. Mary Cross (Ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. Pp. 91-103.

 

Watkins, Julian

1949 The 100 Greatest Advertisements: Who Wrote Them and What They Did. New York: Moore.

 

Wernick, Andrew

1991 Promotional Culture: Advertising, Ideology and Symbolic Expression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

 

Whipple, Thomas

1992 The Existence and Effectiveness of Sexual Content in Advertising, In Advertising and Popular Culture: Studies in Variety and Versatility, Sammy R. Danna (Ed.), Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Press, Pp. 134-140.

 

Wicke, Jennifer

1988 Advertising Fictions: Literature, Advertisement, and Social Reading. New York: Columbia University Press.

Wiles, Charles
1991 A Comparison of Role Portrayal of Men and Women in Magazine Advertising in the USA and Sweden. International Journal of Advertising 10:259-67.

 

Williamson, Judith

1978 Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London: Marion Boyers.

 

Williams, Raymond

▪ 2005 Advertising: The Magic System. In Culture and Materialism. London: Verso. Pp. 170-195.


Wolf, Naomi
1991 The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women. New York: Doubleday.

 

Wright, John W. (Ed.)

1979 The Commercial Connection: Advertising and the American Mass Media. New York: Dell.

 

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