IV. Evolution

1. Theory of Ineritace of aquired characteristics - Lamarck (1800) (Geofocus 18.1)
2. Theory of Natural Selection - Darwin (1859) (page 509)
   1. all populations contain heritable variations
   2. some variations are more favorable than others
   3. not all young survive to reproductive maturity
   4. those with favorable characteristics are more likely to survive and pass on their favorable variations

1. genetic combinations
   1. chromosomes - double strands (46 in humans)
   2. DNA
   3. genes
   4. alleles
   5. meiosis (fig. 18.5)
2. mutations

1. allopatric speciation (fig. 18.6)
2. phyletic gradualism (fig. 18.7)
3. punctuated equilibrium

1. divergent evolution (fig. 18.8)
2. convergent evolution (fig. 18.9)
3. parallel evolution

1. phylogeny
2. extinctions
3. similarity of related organisms
4. homologous organs (fig. 18.13)
5. vestigial structures (fig. 18.15)