1. precipitation

2. runoff

3. infiltration

4. evaporation

5. transpiration

1. basics - bedrock, regolith, soil
2. components

   a)  inorganic - affects composition and texture (grain size)

   • residual parent material
   • transported parent material
   • mineral deposits (accumulated as part of soil)

   b)  organic material - bacterial decay forms humus

   c)  pore space

   • air - less O, more CO2 than atmosphere
   • water - mineral rich and often acidic

C. Soil Structure (page 267)

1. porosity

2. permeability

D. Processes (fig. 12-11)

1. downward percolation of gravitational water

1. eluviation - removal of clay and silt

2. leaching - dissolving and removing elements

2. upward movement of capillary water (evaporation)

1. illuviation - deposit clay and silt (hardpan)

2. accumulation - preciptation of minerals (caliche)

E. Soil Profile - Horizons (fig. 12-20)

1. O - organic
2. A and E- zone of eluviation and leaching (more intense in E; A has more organic left)
3. B - zone of illuviation and accumulation
4. C - transition zone
5. bedrock

1. laterization (fig. 12-21)
2. podzolization
3. calcification and salinization