cartography,

location on a sphere requires a frame of reference (fig. 2.5 & 2.7)

latitude, reference frame: poles and equator, angle from equator, degrees, minutes, seconds (N or S) , parallels of latitude

longitude, reference frame: prime meridian, 0° , degrees, minutes, seconds ( E or W)

time zones (fig. 2.8), 15° wide, central meridian +/- 7.5°
 

Township and Range system

principal meridian (N-S) used for range (fig. 2.10), base lines (E-W) - used for township, 6 mile squares

township - 6 mi , measured N or S of base line

range - 6 mi , measured E or W of principal meridian

sections - 1 mi² (640 acres), 36 sections in each township, numbered from NE corner (fig. 2.11)
 

C. GPS - Global Positioning System

satellites, measures latitude, longitude, elevation, works best at low latitudes, doesn't work in trees, tall buildings, intense clouds...
 

D. Map Essentials

Title, date (and author or source), legend - symbols, colors, ..., scale, bar scale (graphic scale) , representative fraction - ratio, small (large area) vs large scale (detailed) , orientation - direction, true north, magnetic north (magnetic declination)

topographic maps:  contour interval, contour lines, peak, valley, ridge

Compare the various ways of depicting the scale of a map.  When are they useful?  When are they not?

Explain the difference between true north and magnetic north.  Why does this difference matter?

Be prepared to make a pace and compass map.

Be prepared to locate the following features on a topographic map:  peak, valley, ridge, steep area, flat area.  Also be able to determine the elevation of any point on the map.