cartography - study of maps (fig. 2-1)

A. Map Essentials (focus box page 33)

1. Title
2. date (and author or source)
3. legend - symbols, colors, ...
4. scale (fig. 2-3)
• bar scale (graphic scale)
• fractional scale - ratio
• small (large area)
• large scale (detailed)
• verbal scale
5. orientation - direction
• true north
• magnetic north (magnetic declination)

location on a sphere - requires a frame of reference (fig. 1.17)

1. latitude -
• reference frame: poles and equator
• measured as angle from equator - must state North or South!!!
• measured in degrees, minutes, seconds (don't forget N or S)
• called parallels of latitude
2. longitude
• reference frame: prime meridian, 0° line
• measured from prime meridian to East or West
• measured in degrees, minutes, seconds (don't forget E or W)
3. time zones (fig. 2.8)
• 15° wide
• central meridian +/- 7.5°

C. Projections(Appendix I)

1. interrupted (fig. 2-9)
2. non-interrupted
• azimuthal (fig. 2-7)
• conical (fig. 2-6)
• cylindrical (fig. 2-8)
3. equivalent vs. conformal (fig. 2-10)

1. reference frame: satellites
2. measures latitude, longitude, elevation
3. limitations: works best at low latitudes
4. doesn't work in trees, tall buildings, intense clouds...

E. Topographic maps - (Appendix II and focus box page 50)
shows the shape of the Earth's surface; elevation

1. basic definitions
   • contour line - connects points of equal value
   • topographic contour - connects points of equal elevation
   • contour interval - vertical distance between points on adjacent contours
2. Steepness of slope
   • steep slope = closely spaced contours
   • gentle slope = widely spaced contours
   • flat land = no contours
3. Shapes
   closed circles represent a hill or peak, more elongate contours represent ridges
   • V shaped patterns represent valleys
   • closed circles with hatch marks represents low area (holes or craters)

1. GPS
2. GIS
3. satellites
4. aerial photos