III. Atmosphere

1. weather & meteorology
2. climate & climatology

1. composition (Table 3-1)
   1. natural gases (fig. 3-3)
      • N 78%
      • O 21%
      • CO2
      • O3
   2. particulates
   3. pollutants
   4. water (fig. 4.6)
      • cooling processes
      • melting
      • evaporation
      • solid ice
      • water vapor
2. Pressure and density (fig. 3-9)
3. Temperature
   1. decreases with elevation in lower atmosphere
   2. normal environmental lapse rate (3.6 F/1000ft or 6.5C/1000m)
4. layers (fig. 3-6)
   1. troposphere (10-16km)
      • weather
      • T decreases with altitude
      • most of the dust and H₂O
   2. stratosphere (56km)
      • T increase with altitude
      • ozone layer (20-38km)

1. latitude - insolation - intensity of incoming solar radiation
   1. atmospheric filtering>
   2. sun angle
   3. number of hours of daylight
2. land and water - continentality
   1. land cools and heats faster than water
   2. coastal zones have more moderate climate than continental interior
3. air and water currents (fig. 3-15 and 3-16)
4. elevation - 3.5 degrees F per 1000 feet
5. cloud coverage
6. storms, wind, precipitation
7. day/night - daily march of temperature
8. season
9. albedo
10. human factors

D.  Temperature Conversions